...salivary amylase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch...
...is pepsin, an enzyme that begins the...
...of mixing and enzyme action, what begins...
...pancreas. Another intestinal enzyme, enteropeptidase, converts inactive...
...to lipase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes fat...
...digestion, including peristalsis, enzyme secretion, and active...

...product. A specific enzyme catalyzes each step...
...amount of the enzyme sucrase is added...
...within seconds. An enzyme is a macromolecule...
...reactant that an enzyme acts on is...
...the substrate. The enzyme binds to a...
...substrates, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. While the...
...complex. While the enzyme and substrate are...
...action of the enzyme converts the substrate...
...catalyzed by each enzyme is very specific....
...specificity of an enzyme results from its...
...region of the enzyme binds to the...
...site of an enzyme is typically a...
...specificity of an enzyme is due to...
...site cause the enzyme to change shape...
...site is an enzyme’s catalytic center. In...
...site. A single enzyme molecule can catalyze...
...the substrate, the enzyme may stretch the...
...are engaged. The enzyme is saturated, and...
...to add more enzyme molecules. A cell’s...
...chemical environment affects enzyme activity. The activity...
...activity of an enzyme is affected by...
...and pH. Each enzyme works best at...
...conformation for the enzyme molecule. Temperature has...
...protein denatures. Each enzyme has an optimal...
...or higher. Each enzyme also has an...
...conformation of the enzyme requires a particular...
...reversibly to the enzyme. Some inorganic cofactors...
...attach to the enzyme by covalent bonds,...
...inhibitor causes the enzyme to change shape,...
...are often irreversible enzyme inhibitors. Sarin, the...
...important nervous system enzyme. DDT acts as...
...site of an enzyme that many bacteria...
...walls. Not all enzyme inhibitors are metabolic...
...cell often regulate enzyme activity by acting...
...acids. In an enzyme, if the changed...
...region, the altered enzyme might have a...
...function of an enzyme called -galactosidase could...
...rounds, the “evolved” enzyme bound the new...
...did the original enzyme. The researchers found...
...changed in the enzyme altered in this...
...minor changes in enzyme structure can alter...
...structure can alter enzyme function. Concept 8.5...
...8.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control...
...that naturally regulate enzyme activity behave like...
...stimulation of an enzyme’s activity. Most allosterically...
...form of the enzyme. The subunits of...
...of an allosteric enzyme fit together in...
...in a multisubunit enzyme triggers a shape...
...substrates, priming the enzyme to accept additional...
...to bind the enzyme at low affinity...
...in another, related enzyme, whereas allosteric regulatory...
...product to an enzyme acting early in...
...for an adjacent enzyme in the complex...
...Some enzymes and enzyme complexes have fixed...

...a functioning hydrolytic enzyme normally present in...
...disease, a lipid-digesting enzyme is missing or...
...respiration, including the enzyme that makes ATP,...
...also contain an enzyme that converts H2O2...
...synthesized by an enzyme called cellulose synthase....

...they catalyse (one enzyme only affects the...
...the reaction Each enzyme changes a specific...
...shape of the enzyme/ protein are broken...
...molecules in the enzyme break down completely....
...completely. Once an enzyme has lost its...
...Active Sites and Enzyme Specificity Every enzyme...
...Enzyme Specificity Every enzyme has a unique...
...surface of every enzyme is a region...
...of its specific enzyme The substrate molecule...
...site of the enzyme like a key...
...a lock The enzyme-substrate complex is formed...
...is formed The enzyme then releases the...
...the reaction The enzyme is free to...
...to form an enzyme-substrate complex with another...
...another substrate molecule Enzyme Controlled Reactions Reactions...
...with an appropriate enzyme than without it....
...the number of enzyme molecules and therefore...
...available. Factors affecting enzyme activity Temperature: Affects...
...of collisions between enzyme and substrate will...
...alkaline conditions) Pepsin enzyme which works best...
...disrupted and the enzyme will be denatured....
...bound to the enzyme but may be...
...formation of the enzyme-substrate complex by altering...
...bind with the enzyme, but not at...
...shape of the enzyme though, so the...
...permanently with the enzyme molecule and so...
...effectively reduce the enzyme concentration, thus limiting...
...Seeds contain the enzyme amylase which changes...
...glucose and another enzyme to convert glucose...

...use a viral enzyme that is packaged...
...These carry an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, which...
...transposon. The transposase enzyme recognizes the inverted...
...number of specific enzyme molecules by regulating...
...inhibit the first enzyme in the pathway....

...final stage, an enzyme is activated that...
...synthase is the enzyme responsible for changing...
...scaffold around the enzyme. Response to cold...
...several cell mechanisms: enzyme poisoning, inhibition of...

...bolic reactions. Each enzyme catalyzes a particular...
...specificity of an enzyme is the result...
...orders for each enzyme. This diversity in...
...treatments. After an enzyme has been denatured,...
...are called the enzyme’s substrate. The specificity...
...specificity of an enzyme for its substrate...
...conforms to the enzyme’s shape. The region...
...region on the enzyme where the substrate...
...active site. The enzyme binds its substrate,...
...reaction again. Adenatured enzyme loses its native...
...as helping an enzyme perform its job....
...substrate for the enzyme bromelin. Bromelin, present...
...actions of the enzyme bromelin on collagen...

...the hepatic microsomal enzyme system in the...
...or cytochrome P450, enzyme system Drugs metabolized...
...substrates for the enzyme. Some drugs act...
...and are called enzyme inhibitors. Some drugs...
...ability to cause enzyme induction and are...
...and are called enzyme inducers. Some drugs...
...a process called enzyme induction. The first-pass...
...a mature microsomal enzyme system until at...

...a few viral enzyme molecules within their...
...use a viral enzyme that is packaged...
...Retroviruses carry an enzyme called reverse transcriptase...
...interfere with an enzyme required for viral...
...of neuraminidase, an enzyme that helps release...

...of the first enzyme in a pathway...
...number of specific enzyme molecules they make...
...by a specific enzyme. The five genes...
...promoter and the enzyme-coding genes, controls the...
...catalyzed by the enzyme ß-galactosidase. Only a...
...development, a cytoplasmic enzyme adds more adenine...
...hydrogen bonding. An enzyme called Dicer cuts...
...by a yeast enzyme and then processed...
...heterochromatin. When the enzyme Dicer is inactivated...